Class 10 Geography Chapter 3 – Agriculture Note

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Agriculture

The term agriculture is derived from two latin words, ager meaning land and cultur meaning cultivation.

In modern days agriculture also includes Animal Husbandry, Forestry and Pisiculture.

Definition : The art and science of cultivating soil, raising crops and rearing livestock including fishing and forest.

Importance of Agriculture

  1. Two thirds of the population is dependent on agriculture.
  2. It generates large scale employment.
  3. It provides raw materials to many agrobased industries.
  4. Export of agricultural products earns valuable foreign exchange.
  5. It contributes to 26 % of GDP.

Types of Agriculture in India

Primitive Subsistence Farming or Shifting Agriculture

  1. This agriculture is practiced on small patches of land with the help of primitive tools like hoe, and digging stick and family/community labour.
  2. Farming depends upon monsoons, natural fertility of the soil and suitability of the other environmental conditions.
  3. It is a ‘slash and burn’ agriculture. Farmers clear a patch of land and produce food crops to sustain their family.
  4. When the soil fertility decreases, the farmers shift and clear a fresh patch of land for cultivation.
  5. Nature replenishes the fertility of the soil through natural processes.
  6. Farmers do not use manure, fertilizer or other modern inputs.
  7. It is known by different names in different parts of the country.
  • Jhumming – Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland.
  • Pamlou – Manipur
  • Dipa – Bastar (Chattisgarh) and Andaman and Nicobar Island.

Intensive Subsistence Farming

  1. Fields are very small.
  2. There is intensive use of land due to high pressure of population on the agriculture land
  3. Cropping pattern is dominated by food crops.
  4. More than one crop is grown in the same field.
  5. Farmers apply modern inputs to obtain high yield.
  6. It is a labour intensive farming.

Commercial Farming

  1. Use of higher dose of modern inputs eg. HYV seeds, chemical fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides.
  2. The degree of commercialisation of agriculture varies from one region to another. e.g. Rice is commercial crop in Haryana and Punjab but in Orissa, it is subsistence crop.

Plantation Farming

  1. It is also a type of commercial farming.
  2. A single crop is grown on a large area.
  3. It has an interface of agriculture and industry.
  4. It is done over large tracts of land using capital intensive inputs.
  5. All the produce is used as raw material is respective industries.
  6. The production is mainly for marked.
  7. A well developed network of transport and communication connecting the plantation areas, processing industry and market is important.
  8. Example of plantation crops are Tea, Coffee, Rubber, Sugarcane, Banana etc.

Agriculture Season

Rabi Crops

  1. Rabi crops are sown in winter from October to December.
  2. Harvested in summer from April to June.
  3. Example of Rabi crops are wheat, barley, peas, gram and mustard etc.
  4. Region : Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh and Uttranchal.

Factor responsible for growth of Rabi crops.

  1. Availability of precipitation due to western disturbances.
  2. Fertile alluvial traits deposited by rivers from north.
  3. Success of green revolution.

Kharif Crops

  1. The crops which are sown with the onset of monsoon and harvested in September – October.
  2. Rice, maize, jowar, bajra, moong, cotton, jute, groundnut are some of the important kharif crops.
  3. Important rice growing regions are Assam, West Bengal, Coastal region of Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Maharashtra.
  4. In states like Assam, West Bengal and Orissa three crops of paddy are grown in a year. There are Aus, Aman and Boro.

Zaid

  1. The crops which are grown in between rabi and the kharif crops are known as Zaid crops.
  2. Watermelon, cucumber, vegetables and fodder crops are example of Zaid crops.

Zaid

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Food Crops of India

Rice

Features

  1. It is the staple food crop of the people living in eastern and southern parts of India.
  2. In the north it is a kharif crop and in the south it grows with the help of irrigation throughout the year.
  3. India is the second largest producer of rice in the world after China.

Geographical Requirements

  1. Temperature : Above 25ºC (Sowing, growing and harvesting)
  2. Rainfall :
  • Annual rainfall above 100 cm.
  • The field must be flooded with water at the time of transplanation and during early stage of growth.
  • Frequent showers before ripening ensure larger grain size.
  1. Soil : It can grow in variety of soils including silts, loam and gravels. But it grows best in alluvial soil.
  2. Area of production : West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab, Orissa, Karnataka.

Wheat

Features

  1. Second most important cereal crop.
  2. Main food in north and north-western part of the country.
  3. India is the fourth largest producer of wheat in the world.
  4. It is a Rabi crop. (winter crop).
  5. It grows well in a cool and moist climate, fertile soil, moderate rain fall.

Geographical Requirements

Temperature

10ºC to 15ºC during growing season.

25ºC to 28º C at the time of ripening.

Rainfall :

(a)   50 cm to 75 cm

(b)   The western disturbances cause light rainfall is highly benefical to the wheat crop.

Soil :

(a)   Well drained fertile soil, heavy textured soil with some amount of lime.

(b)   Clayey, loamy soil of the Ganga Plain.

(c)   Black soil of Deccan Plateau.

Area of Production

Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Haryana are major producer of wheat. Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Maharashtra etc are others.

Millets

Features

  1. Jowar, bajara and ragi are important millets grown in India.
  2. It is the common name for several species of the grass family.
  3. It is known as coarse grain.
  4. They have very high nutritional value.

Jowar

(a)   It is third important food crop of India.

(b) It is a rain fed crop which can be grown in the arid areas.

(c)   It needs less irrigation.

(d)   Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh are the leading producer of Jowar.

Bajara :

(a)   It is a dry crop.

(b)   It grows well in sandy and shallow black soil.

(c)   Rajasthan is the largest producer of Bajara.

(e)   Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Haryana are other state.

Ragi :

(a)   It is a crop of dry regions.

(b)   It grows well on red, black, sandy, loamy and shallow black soil.

(c)   It is very rich in iron, calcium and roughage.

(d)   Karnataka is the largest producer of ragi followed by Tamil Nadu, Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Sikkim, Jharkhand and Arunachal Pradesh.

Maize :

  1. It is also a coarse grain.
  2. It is used both as food and fodder crop. It is a Kharif crop.
  3. Temperature : 21ºC to 27ºC, Soil : old alluvial soil.
  4. Major producing state : Karnataka, U.P., Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, M.P.
  5. In Bihar it is grown in rabi-season.
  6. Pulses :

Features :

  1. India is the largest producer as well as the consumer of pulses in the world.
  2. Major source of protein in a vegetarian diet.
  3. Being leguminous crops, all these crops except Arhar help in restoring soil fertility by fixing nitrogen from the air.
  4. Tuar, Urad and Moong are grown as Kharif crops.
  5. Masur, peas and gram are grown as Rabi crops.

Geographical Requirements :

Temperature : 20ºC to 30ºC

Soil :

  1. Grown in all types of soil.
  2. Dry soil is most suitable.

Rainfall :

  1.      Low to moderate rainfall
  2.      25 cm to 50 cm
  3.      Too much rain fall after sowing and during flowering is damaging.
  4.      Area of Production : Punjab, Haryana, U.P., M.P., Rajasthan, Maharashtra and Bihar.

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Food Crops Other Than Grains

Sugarcane

Features

  1. It is a tropical as well as sub tropical crop.
  2. It belongs to the grass family.
  3. India is the second largest producer of sugarcane only after Brazil.
  4. It is the main source of sugar, gur, khandsari and molasses.

Geographical Requirements

Temperature :

  1. Hot and humid climate
  2. 21ºC to 27ºC
  3. Coal temperature is needed at the time of ripening.

Rainfall :

  1. 75 cm to 100 cm.
  2. 100 heavy rain fall results in low sugar content.

Soil :

  1. It can grow in variety of soils like black alluvial, loamy and reddish loam.
  2. The best soil is alluvial soil of the Ganga plain and black soil of Southern India.

Areas of Production :

  1. Uttar Pradesh is largest producer of sugar cane. Bihar, Punjab and Haryana are other states.
  2. Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh are the states of Peninsular India.

Oil seeds :

Features :

  1. India is the largest producer of oil seeds in the world.
  2. Different oilseeds are grown covering approximately 12 % of the total cropped area of the country.
  3. Main oil seeds are ground nut, mustard, coconut, Sesamum (til), soyabean, castor seeds, cotton seeds, linseeds and sunflower.
  4. Groundnut is a Kharif crop and is produced in Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Gujarat and Maharashtra.
  5. Linseed and Mustard are rabi crops.
  6. Sesamum is a Kharif crop in north and rabi crop in south India.
  7. Castor seed is grown both as Rabi & Kharif crop.

Economic Importance of Oil Seeds

  1. Most of these are edible and used as cooking medium.
  2. Extracted oil is also used as raw material for manufacturing large number of items.
  3. Oil cake which is the by-product, obtained after the extraction of oil from oil seeds is excellent cattle feed.
  4. Oil cake is also used as fertilizer.

Beverage Crops

Tea

Features

  1. It is an important beverage crop introduced in India initially by the British.
  2. Tea is a labour-intensive industry.
  3. It requires abundant, cheap and skilled labour.
  4. Tea is processed within the tea garden to restore its freshness.
  5. India is the leading producer as well as exporter of tea in the world.

Gographical Requirements :

Temperature :

  1. Tropical and sub tropical climate.
  2. Warm and moist frost free climate all throughout the year.
  3. 20ºC to 35ºC but 25ºC is ideal temp.

Rainfall

  1. Heavy rainfall
  2. 150 cm – 250 cm
  3. The rainfall should be distributed throughout the year.

Soil

  1. Light loamy soil
  2. Rich in humus and iron content
  3. Frequent use of chemical fertilizers and manure is essential.

Area of Production :

Assam, hills of Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Meghalaya, Andhra Pradesh and Tripura.

Coffee

Features

  1. Indian coffee is known in the world for its good quality.
  2. Arabica quality of coffee is grown in India.
  3. It is one of the oldest plantation crop in India.

Geographical Requirements :

Temperature :

  1. Monthly temperature from 14ºC – 26ºC.
  2. Bright sunlight and warm weather.
  3. Frost free climate.

Rainfall :

  1. 125 cm – 250 cm.
  2. It should be well distributed throughout the year.
  3. Stagnant water is harmful.

Soil :

  1. It grows well in deep, porous soil with high humus content.
  2. In India coffee is grown on red and laterite soil.

Area of Production :

Nilgiri in Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu.

Horticulture Crops

  1. India is the largest producer of fruits and vegetables in the world.
  2. India is the producer of tropical as well as temperate fruits.
  3. Mangoes are found in Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal and U.P.
  4. Oranges in Nagpur and Cherrapunji (Meghalaya).
  5. Bananas in Kerala, Mizoram, Tamil Nadu and Maharastra.
  6. Lichi and Guava in U.P. and Bihar.
  7. Pineapples in Meghalaya.
  8. Grapes in Andhra Pradesh and Maharastra.
  9. Apples, Pears, Apricots and Walnuts in Jammu & Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh.
  10. India produces 13 % of the world’s vegetable. It is an important producer of pea, onion, cabbage and cauliflower.

Non-Food Crops

Rubber

Features

  1. It is an equatorial crop.
  2. It is also grown in tropical or sub tropical areas.
  3. It is a kind of natural plastic with many invaluable qualities such as elasticity, non conduction of electricity.
  4. It is an important industrial raw material.
  5. India ranks fifth among the world’s natural rubber producers.

Geographical Requirements :

  1. Temperature : Above 25ºC
  2. Rainfall : It needs well and heavy distributed rainfall. 200 cm – 400 cm.
  3. Soil : Alluvial or Laterite soil.
  4. Area of Production :
    Kerala is the largest producer of rubber.
    Kerala account for about 91 %. of the total area under rubber plantation.
    Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Andman and Nicobar Island and Garo hills of Himalayas are the other producers.

Fibre Crops

Features

  1. Four major crops of India are : Cotton 2. Jute    3. Hemp                4. Natural silk
  2. Cotton, Jute and Hemp are derived from the crops grown in soil.
  3. Natural silk is obtained from cocoons of the silk worms, fed on green leaves specially mulberry.
  4. Rearing of silk worm for the production of silk is known as sericulture.

Cotton

Features

  1. It is the most important fibre crop of India.
  2. It is one of the basic raw materials for the cotton textile industry.
  3. India is the third largest producer of cotton in the world after China, U.S.A. and Rusia.
  4. It is the crop of tropical and sub-tropical areas.
  5. It is cultivated as a Kharif crop and requires 6 to 8 months to mature.

Geographical Requirements

  1. Temperature : Needs warm climate 21ºC – 27ºC
  2. Abundant sunshine is necessary during the growth of the plant.
  3. 210 frost free days.

Rainfall

  1. It requires light rainfall.
  2. 50 cm to 80 cm is adequate.
  3. With the help of irrigation crop can be grow.

Soil :

  1. It grows well in Black cotton soil which is found in drier parts of the Deccan plateau.
  2. It also grow well in alluvial soils of Satluj Ganga Basin.

Area of Production :

Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Madhya Pradesh.

Jute

Features

  1. It is known as the golden fibre.
  2. It is a tropical fibre crop.
  3. India earns valuable foreign exhange by exporting jute.
  4. Jute is used in making gunny bags, nuts, ropes, yarn, carpet and other ornamental artefacts.
  5. Due to high cost, it is losing market to synthetic fibres and packing materials, particularly Nylon.

Geographical Requirements

  1. Temperature : High temperature is required during the time of growth.
  2. Soil : Well drained fertile soil.
  3. Area of production : West Bengal, Bihar, Assam Orissa and Meghalaya are major jute producing state.
I II III IV V VI
Crops Temperature Rainfall Soil Area and State Main Features
Rice (Kharif) High above 25°C.

High humidity

 Above 100 cm

(heavy)

 Alluvial soil

with clayey

subsoil.

 Tamil Nadu, West Bengal

Andhra Pradesh, Bihar and Punjab.

Highest Yield :

Tamil Nadu.

Largest producers :

West Bengal.

 India is the second largest  producer.

It is the staple food crop of a majority of the people in India.
Wheat (Rabi) Growing stage

Cool

Ripening

bright sunshine

 

 50cm-75cm

well distributed

 

 Alluvial and

black soil

 

 Uttar Pradesh, Punjab,

Haryana.

Highest yield:

Uttar Pradesh

 

 It is the second most important cereal crop.

Main food crop in north and north-western part of the country
Maize(Kharif) 21°C – 27°C

Cannot

stand frost at

any stage

 50 cm -100 cm

Sunshine

Promotes growth

 

 Nitrogen-rich

loamy soil

 Karnataka,   Uttar Pradesh,

Bihar, Madhya

Pradesh, Rajasthan

and Punjab.

 Used as food

and fodder

 
Millets

1. Jowar

2. Bajra

3. Ragi

 Survives high

temperature

and drought

conditions

 

 50cm-120cm

Known as

“dry crops”, as

they do not

require much rain.

 Sandy and

black soil

 (i) Jowar-Maharashtra

(ii) Bajra – Rajasthan

(iii) Ragi – Karnataka

 

 Jowar, ragi

and bajra are the main

millets grown in India
Pulses 20°C-30°C 50-75cm Dry, light soil. Madhya Pradesh,

Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan

and Maharashtra.

 

 These are the main sources

of protein and restore soil

fertility.
Sugarcane

(Kharif)

 21°-27°C

Tropical as well

as subtropical crop.

 75-150 cm. Well-drained

Alluvial soil

 Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Haryana India is the second

largest producer

of sugarcane
Cotton

(Kharif)

 21°C-27°C

210 frost free

days

 

 50-80 cm

well

distributed

 

 Light, well-drained

Alluvial soil, Black

Cotton soil

 

 Gujarat, Maharashtra,

Punjab, Madhya Pradesh

and Tamil Nadu

 

 India is the third

largest producer

of cotton.

 
Jute

(Kharif)

 27°C-34°C. 170-200 cm Alluvial soil found in

flood plains and deltas

of rivers

 West Bengal,   Bihar,   Orissa,

Assam.

W. Bengal is the largest producer of jute.

 

 It is known as the ‘golden fibre

 
Tea 20ºC-30°C. 150-250 cm Deep and fertile well drained  soil rich in humus and organic matter.

 

 Assam hills, West Bengal

(Darjeeling),Himachal Pradesh,

Arunachal Pradesh, Nilgiris, and

the Anamalai hills.

 

 India is largest

grower of tea.

 
Coffee 18°C-28°C. 125-200 cm.

well  distributed.

 Loamy soil with humus on well-

drained hills. Red and laterite soil.

 

 Karnataka,   Tamil   Nadu and

Kerala.

Karnataka   is   the   largest

producer of Coffee.

 

 The   Arabica

variety   is

produced in India.

 
Rubber Above 25°C. More than

200 cm

 Deep, alluvial soil

with good drainage.

 

 Kerala, Tamil Nadu and

Karnataka.

 

 It is an important

industrial raw

material

 

Factor Responsible for Low Productivity in India

  1. Over Crowding in agriculture : There are two many people who depend on agriculture. Since 1901 the proportion of people dependent on agriculture has almost remained constant i.e. 70 %.
  1. Problems of Inputs : Indian agriculture has suffered because of the inadequancy of finance, seeds, fertilizers, marketing and transportation etc.
  1. Size of land Holding : The average size of holding in India is very low, less than 2 hectares or 5 acres. Small sized holdings lead to great waste of time, labour and cattle power.
  1. Pattern of Land Tenure : Under the Zamindari system the cultivator was only a tenant who could be turned out of the land. The cultivator has to pay high rents for the land he cultivates and he has no security of tenancy and may be turned out of his land at any time the land lords desire.
  1. Poor Techniques of Production : The Indian farmers have been using old and inefficient methods and techniques of production. There is also a shortage of various kinds of inputs like HYV seeds, fertilizer, pesticides etc.

Technical and Institutional Reforms

  1. Land Reforms : In order to encourage agriculture government has abolished Zamindari system. Consolidation of fields has also been done. To help the landless workers government has granted them fields.
  1. Launching of Irrigation Schemes : Many multipurpose projects have been constructed to provide power and irrigation facilities to the farmer.
  1. Subsidies : Government is providing subsidies on the agriculture inputs. At present maximum subsidy is being given on fertilizers.
  1. Free Power : Certain states are providing free electricity to the farmers to enhance the agriculture production.
  1. Public Procurement System & Agriculture price commission : In this system declares the price of agriculture product in advance to check the exploitation of farmers by middle men.
  1. HYV Seeds & Agriculture Universities : Goverment is providing HYV seeds to the farmers. Special seminars are also being held. Many new Agriculture Universities have been set up.
  1. Crops Insurances & Agriculture Finance : Indian agriculture is mainly dependent on nature, crops are also being insured due to high risk. Government has established special banks to provide agricultural loans to farmers.

Contribution of Agriculture to the National Economy, Employment and Output       

Agriculture has been the back bone of Indian economy though its share in the GDP is declining. Yet its share is providing employment and livelihood continues to be as high as 63 % in 2001.

Steps taken by Indian government to modernise agriculture efforts.

  1. Establishment of Indian council of Agricultural Research (ICAR).
  2. Agricultural Universities.
  3. Veterinary services and animal breeding centres.
  4. Horticulture development.
  5. Research, Weather forecast.
  6. Improvement of the rural infrastructure.

Draw back of Indian government.

  1. Government is reducing investment in agriculture sector mainly in irrigation, power, rural roads, market and mechanisation.
  2. Subsidy on fertilizers has decreased.
  3. Reduction in import duties on agricultural products have proved harmful to agriculture in the country.

Glossary

  1. Agriculture : The art and science of a cultivating soil, raising crops and rearing livestock including fishing and forest.
  2. Commercial Agriculture : Farming in which farmer grow the crop with the aim of selling it in the market.
  3. Dry Farming : Dry farming is adopted to scanty rain fall areas. Such types of crops are grown which require less irrigation facilities.
  4. Extensive Agriculture : Agriculture in which the farmer tries to get the greatest out put by bringing more and more new land areas under cultivation.
  5. Green Revolution : A break through in seed technology which has led to a considerable increase in agricultural production especially in wheat as a result of better inputs.
  6. Horticulture : Intensive cultivation of vegtetables, fruits and flowers.
  7. Intensive Agriculture : Increase in the agriculture production by using scientific methods and better agricultural inputs.
  8. Kharif season : It is an agricultural cropping season from early June to October. e.g. Rice, millets etc.
  9. Plantation Agriculture : A large scale farming of one crop resembling factory production based on capital investment and application of modern science and technology in cultivating, processing and marketing the final products.
  10. Rabi season : It is an agricultural cropping season from November to May e.g. wheat, gram, oilseeds etc.
  11. Minimum Support Price : It is the minimum and reasonable price fixed by the government at which the farmer can sell his produce either in the open market or to the government agencies.
  12. Shifting Agriculture : It is that type of agriculture in which farmers clear forest land and uses it for growing crops. When the fertility of the soil decreases the farmer shifts to new land.
  13. Subsistence Agriculture : Farming in which the main production is consumed by the farmers house hold.
  14. Blue Revolution : A package programme introduced to increase the production of fish and fish product.
  15. Sericulture : Rearing of silk-worms to produce raw silk.
  16. Zaid : It is a short season summer crop where fruits like watermelon and vegetables like cucumber are grown.

Production of Wheat (Million Tonnes)

Year Wheat
1965-66 10
1970-71 24
1980-81 36
1990-91 55
2000-01 70

India : Food grains output (Million-Tonnes)

Grain 1990-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06
Rice 89.7 85.0 93.3 71.8 88.3 85.3 87.88
Wheat 76.9 69.7 72.8 65.8 72.1 72.0 72.73
Coarse 30.3 31.1 33.4 26.1 38.1 33.9 34.35
Pulses 13.4 11.1 13.4 1.1 14.9 13.4 13.14
Total 209.8 196.8 212.9 174.8 213.5 204.6 206.21

Percentage of house hold with “Hunger” in India

Year Seasonal Types of Hunger
Rural Chronic Total
1983 16.2 2.3 18.5
1983-1994 4.2 0.9 5.1
1999-2000 2.6 0.7 3.3
Urban
1983 5.6 0.8 6.4
1993-1994 1.1 0.5 1.6
1999-2000 0.6 0.3 0.9

Exercise

 Very Short Answer Type Question

  1. Which is the most important cereal crop of India ? Name the two major producing state of this crop.
  2. Which are the two major fibre crops of India?
  3. Write two main features of dry land farming ?
  4. Write two main features of wet land farming?
  5. What are Kharif crops ? Give two examples.
  6. What are Rabi Crops ? Give two examples.
  7. What are horticulture ?
  8. What is sericulture ?
  9. Name the leading rubber producing states in India.
  10. Which crop is called as ‘Golden Fibre’ of India ?
  11. What is Agriculture ?
  12. Name any four agricultural products exported by India.
  13. What is intensive subsistance farming ?
  14. Mention any four plantation crops produced in India.
  15. Name the two most important wheat producing state of India ?
  16. Name some major oilseeds of India.
  17. “High humidity” is good for the cultivation of tea. Why ?
  18. Why is shifting agriculture discouraged ?
  19. Name two cotton producing states of India ?
  20. Which region is ideal for the cultivation of cotton ?
  21. Name some three cash crops ?
  22. Give two features of the Green Revolution ?
  23. Define Zaid Crop.
  24. What is a plantation agriculture ?
  25. Name a millet which is a rainfed crop, mostly grown in the moist areas. Name the state which is the leading producer of that crop.
  26. Name a millet which is used both as food and fodder.
  27. Name the major pulses of India.
  28. Name the by-products of sugar industry.
  29. Name an equatorial crop which is grown in India.
  30. Name two natural fibres except cotton.

Short Answer Type Question

  1. Describe any four steps taken by the government to improve Indian agriculture after independence.
  2. Distinguish between dry land farming and wet land farming ?
  3. Describe favourable climatic conditions for growing wheat and maize crops in India.
  4. What are millets ? Why are millets very important food crops in India ?
  5. Describe any four features of Indian agriculture.
  6. Agriculture is the mainstay of India economy. Discuss.
  7. What is ‘slash and burn’ agriculture ? Give four silent features of this agriculture.
  8. Mention any four features of the primitive subsistence farming.
  9. Name any four factors that have distorted the cropping pattern in India.
  10. What is importance of rubber for the Indian economy ?
  11. Write two difference between intensive and extensive farming.
  12. Where is tea grown in India. Describe the suitable conditions for its growth.
  13. Differentiate between commercial agriculture and subsistence agriculture.
  14. Which are the two staple food crops of India ? Compare and contrast the climatic and soil requirements of the two.
  15. What suggest you that Indian agriculture has been transferring from subsistence to commercial farming ?
  16. Mention any two important factors responsible for the success of the rabi crops.
  17. Mention any two factors which have made it possible to grow the crop in areas of less rainfall such as Punjab, Harayana and western Uttar Pradesh.
  18. Why should the production of pulses be increased ? Give two reasons.
  19. Why are pulses grown as rotation crops ? Give two reasons.
  20. What is importance of mulberry for the silk production ?
  21. What is package technology ? What was its result ?
  22. What is White Revolution ?
  23. What is slash and burn agriculture ? Mention its local names by mentioning the state or region.
  24. Mention any four features of the primitive subsistence farming.
  25. Mention any three characteristics of the shifting agriculture.
  26. What is Intensive subsistence farming ? Mention its two features.
  27. With reference to oilseeds, answer  the following questions :
    (i) Name a Kharif oilseed. Also mention the three states which are the leading producers of the crop mentioned by you.
    (ii) Name any two rabi oilseeds.
  28. Which fibre is known as the golden fibre? Why is the fibre named by you losing the market ?
  29. Name any four factors that have distorted the cropping pattern in India.

Long Answer Type Question

  1. Mention any four steps which have been taken by the government to modernise the Indian agriculture.
  2. Explain any four factors which have hindered the pace of agricultural development in India.
  3. How is the government helping the Indian farmers in increasing their agricultural production ? Explain any four points.
  4. What is plantation agriculture ? Write some features of this type of farming ?
  5. Discuss some new trends in Indian agriculture.
  6. Why has Indian agriculture started a declining trend in food production ? How can we overcome this problem ?
  7. How have the technological and Institutional reforms been able to improve the condition of Indian agriculture ?
  8. Explain the favourable geographical conditions required for the production of rice. Also mention the major rice producing states of India.
  9. What type of climate is required for the cultivation of wheat ? Name any four important wheat producing states of India.
  10. Explain the favourable climatic conditions required for the production of rubber. Also mention the sates producing Rubber.
  11. Explain the climatic conditions required for the production of Cotton. Also mention the major Cotton producing states of India.
  12. Describe various technological and institutional reforms  which led to the Green and White Revolution in India.
  13. ‘‘Today Indian farmers are facing a big challenge from international competition.’’ What are the various factors responsible for this situation ?
  14. Differentiate between the commercial agriculture and the subsistence agriculture.
  15. Distinguish between :
    (i) Rabi and Kharif crop.
    (ii) Tea and coffee.                    

https://eclassmate.in/cbse-notes-class-10-history-chapter-4-print-culture-and-the-modern-world/

Multiple Choice Question

1. Which one of the following is a rabi crop ?

(A) Rice                    (B) Millets

(C) Gram                  (D) Cotton

2. Jumming refers to –

(A) Primitive subsistence farming

(B) Slash and burn agriculture

(C) Commerical farming

(D) Plantation agriculture

3. Bhoodan – Gramdan movement was initiated by –

(A) Mahatma Gandhi

(B) Jawaharlal Nehru

(C) Vinobha Bhave

(D) Bal Gangadhar Tilak

4. India is the leading producer and exporter of ………….. in the world –

(A) Rubber                (B) Tea

(C) Sugarcane            (D) Rice

5. Which one of the following is a leguminous crop ?

(A) Pulses                 (B) Jawar

(C) Millets                 (D) Sesamum

6. Rearing of silk worms is called as –

(A) Pisciculture          (B) Agriculture

(C) Silviculture          (D) Sericulture

7. Yellow revolution refers to –

(A) Eggs                   (B) Oilseeds

(C) Fish                    (D) Pulses

8. Cultivation of fruits and vegetables is called –

(A) Floriculture         (B) Sericulture

(C) Horticulture         (D) Agriculture

9. Which type of agriculture is practiced on small patches of land with the help of primitive tools ?

(A) Primitive subsistence farming

(B) Intensive farming

(C) Extensive farming

(D) None of these

10. Which is the staple crop of a majority of the people in India ?

(A) Wheat                 (B) Jawar

(C) Millets                 (D) Rice

11. Which country is the largest producer of rice in the World ?

(A) India                   (B) Brazil

(C) China                  (D) U.S.A.

12. Which millet is used both as food and fodder-

(A) Jawar                  (B) Maize

(C) Ragi                    (D) Bajra

13. Which country is the largest producer of pulses in the world ?

(A) China                  (B) Russia

(C) U.K.                   (D) India

14. Which country is the largest producer of sugarcane in the world ?

(A) India                   (B) Sri-Lanka

(C) Brazil                  (D) China

15. Which country is the largest producer of oilseeds in the world ?

(A) Maldiv                (B) Pakistan

(C) Indonesia             (D) India

16. Name a pulse crop which is grown both as a kharif and rabi crop –

(A) Castor                 (B) Moong

(C) Tuar                    (D) Urad

17. Name a fibre crop which is obtained from the cocoons of the silk worm –

(A) Cotton                 (B) Jute

(C) Rubber                (D) Silk

18. Which fibre is known as the golden fibre ?

(A) Hemp

(B)  Jute

(C) Cotton

(D) None of these

19. Name the chief producer of Jute in India –

(A) Meghalaya           (B) Mizoram

(C) West Bengal        (D) Kerala

20. India produce about ……… of the World coffee –

(A) 3 %                    (B) 4 %

(C) 5 %                    (D) 7 %

21. The first coffee plantation was set up in –

(A) Kerala                 (B) Meghalaya

(C) Manipur              (D) Karnataka

22. Which is the largest producer of tea in the World –

(A) Brazil                  (B) India

(C) China                  (D) Srilanka

23. Which is the third most important food crop of India ?

(A) Bajra                   (B) Jowar

(C) Ragi                    (D) Maize

24. Agriculture contributes …………… of the net National product –

(A) 23 %                  (B) 24 %

(C) 25 %                   (D) 26 %

25. Slash and burn agriculture is knows as…… in North-Eastern states.

(A) Jhumming           (B) Pamlou

(C) Milpa                  (D) Bewar

26. Which of the following crops are sown in winter from October to December and harvested in summer from April to June ?

(A) Rabi                    (B) Kharif

(C) Zaid                    (D) None of the above

27. Which of the following crops are grown with the onset of monsoon and are harvested in September-October ?

(A) Rabi                    (B) Kharif

(C) Zaid                    (D) None of the above

28. Which of the following crops takes almost a year to grow ?

(A) Maize                  (B) Wheat

(C) Paddy                (D) Sugarcane

29. The crop requires a cool growing season and a bright sunshine at the time of ripening.

(A) Rice                    (B) Wheat

(C) Cotton                 (D) Maize

30. Jowar, bajra and ragi are the important……. grown in India.

(A) Commercial crops  (B) Cereals

(C) Millets                 (D) Cash crops

31. It is a crop used both as food and fodder. Identify crop the

(A) Maize                  (B) Jowar

(C) Bajra                   (D) Wheat

32. Tur, Urad, Moong, are………

(A) Cereal crops

(B) Commercial crops

(C) Plantation crops

(D) Pulses

33. Which of the following is true with reference to the climatic conditions required for the cultivation of sugarcane ?

(a)    It grows well in hot and humid climate.

(b)    It needs temperature of 21ºC-27ºC

(c)    It needs an annual rainfall between 75-100cm

(d)    It can be grown on a variety of soils

(A) Only (a) and (b)   (B) Only (b) and (c)

(C) Only (c) and (d)   (D) All of the above

34. Which of the following is true with reference to the climatic conditions required for the growth of tea ?

(a)  It grows well in tropical and subtropical climate.

(b) It needs fertile well drained soil, rich in humus and organic matter.

(c) Tea bushes require warm and moist free climate.

(d) Frequent showers evenly distributed over the year and ensure continuous growth of tender leaves.

(A) Only (a) and (b)   (B) Only (b) and (c)

(C) Only (c) and (d)   (D) All of the above

35. Which of the following hills are major producers of coffee in India ?

(A) Shivalik Hills

(B) Nilgiri Hills

(C) Mahadevo Hills

(D) Garo-Khasi and Jaintia Hills

36. The horticulture includes ……….

(A) Cultivation of fruits and vegetables.

(B) Cultivation of commercial crops

(C) Cultivation of plantation crops

(D) Cultivation of cereals.

37. Which of the following climatic conditions are not suitable for the growth of rubber ?

(a) It requires moist and humid climate.

(b) It requires rainfall less than 50 cm.

(c) It needs temperature above 25ºC

(d) It can be grown in all types of soil

(A) Only (a) and (b)   (B) Only (b) and (c)

(C) Only (b) and (d)    (D) All of the above

38. Which of the following crops is grown in drier parts of the black cotton soil of the Deccan Plateau ?

(A) Rubber                (B) Cotton

(C) Wheat                 (D) Rice

39. Which of the following climatic conditions is true with reference to the cultivation of cotton

(a) It needs black soil

(b) It needs 210 frost free days and bright sunshine

(c) It needs 6 to 8 months to mature.

(d)  It needs high temperature and light rainfall.

(A) Only (a) and (b)

(B) Only (b) and (c)

(C) Only (c) and (d)

(D) All the mentioned above

40. What is ICAR ?

(A)   Indian Council of Agricultural and Research

(B)   Indian Council of Airways and Research

(C)   Indian Council of Agriculture and Re-adjustment

(D)   None of the above

Answers

Q.No 1 2 3 4 5
Ans. B B A A A
Q.No 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. D B C A D
Q.No 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. C B D C D
Q.No 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. A D B C B
Q.No 21 22 23 24 25
Ans. D B B D A
Q.No 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. A B D B C
Q.No 31 32 33 34 35
Ans. A D D D B
Q.No 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. A C B D A

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